You can suspect abnormal fluid or air in a dog’s pleural cavity from a mix of clinical signs , physical exam , and imaging findings. 1. Clinical Signs These are often the first clues: Dyspnea – fast, shallow breathing (restrictive pattern). Orthopnea – prefers standing or sitting with neck extended to breathe. Exercise intolerance – tires quickly. Cyanosis – bluish gums/tongue in severe cases. Cough – less common with pleural disease, more with lung disease, but can occur. 2. Physical Examination Muffled or absent lung sounds Ventral areas: fluid tends to collect here. Dorsal areas: air accumulates here. Dull percussion note (fluid) or hyperresonance (air). Paradoxical breathing – chest wall moves in while abdomen moves out during inspiration (seen in severe restriction). Heart sounds muffled – often with large effusions. 3. Imaging Thoracic radiographs Fluid : widened interlobar fissures, retraction of lung lobes f...
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